Skill. Finesse. Efficiency of movement. There is speed and power. All of his resources are brought to bear in this challenge; he is focused. But he is relaxed, and there is a seeming effortlessness in execution. He is “in the zone.” He gives no thought to his many years of preparation that led to this moment of excellence. He’s not self-consciously examining his actions. His awareness is devoted to the game. He is not distracted by extraneous thoughts. He is absorbed in the here and now. Mind and body are in harmony. Thought and action are one. Creativity, ingenuity, mastery, and strength naturally emerge. He moves with grace; time seems to slow and now we zoom in on his hand moving swiftly through the air with guileless confidence – and then the sound of impact!
Who knew chess could be this exciting!!
Okay, so the description above sounds more like it’s talking about an active, physical sport.* With small changes it could also apply to a wide variety of activities where people are so involved in what they’re doing that they become fully engrossed in it.
A well-known research psychologist has spent most of his life studying this state, which he calls “flow.” His name is Mihalyi Csikszentmihalyi (he explains facetiously that it’s pronounced “chicks send me high”), former chair of the department of psychology at the University of Chicago. He says flow is engagement with what you’re doing, wanting to continue in the activity for its own sake, and “the way people describe their state of mind when consciousness is harmoniously ordered.” A person can be involved in sports, art, games, hobbies, work…. Almost anything active can potentially lead to it, but not normally something passive like watching TV.
Flow can happen when you’re “really into” what you’re doing. It also has positive benefits. When you’re in a flow state, you’re not normally thinking “I’m happy doing this” or “I love this,” because you’re too focused on the activity. Afterward, though, you might think something like: “That was fun.”
In fact, Csikszentmihalyi came upon the concept of flow as a result of researching the question “What is enjoyment?” He started by studying people who did activities for enjoyment even when they weren’t rewarded with money or fame. They were motivated by the quality of the experience they had while they were engaged in the activity. This optimal experience didn’t come when they were relaxing, or taking drugs or alcohol, or consuming luxuries. Instead, it often consisted of something difficult, risky, or even painful. It usually stretched the person’s capacity, provided a challenge to his or her capabilities, and involved some discovery or novelty.
Nine elements of flow
Csikszentmihalyi identified nine elements of flow that he saw repeatedly in his research:
1. There are clear goals every step of the way. In many everyday situations, there are contradictory demands and it’s sometimes quite unclear what should occupy our attention. But in a flow experience, you have a clear purpose and a good grasp of what to do next.
2. There is immediate feedback to one’s actions. When you’re in flow, you know how well you’re doing.
3. There is a balance between challenges and skills. If a challenge is too demanding compared to your skill level, you get frustrated. If it’s too easy, you get bored. In a flow experience, there is a pretty good match between your abilities and the demands of the situation. You feel engaged by the challenge, but not overwhelmed.
4. Action and awareness are merged. People are often thinking about something that happened – or might happen – in another time or place. But in flow, you’re concentrated on what you’re doing.
5. Distractions are excluded from consciousness. Because you’re absorbed in the activity, you’re only aware of what’s relevant to the task at hand, and you don’t think about unrelated things. By being focused on the activity, unease that can cause anxiety and depression is set aside.
6. There is no worry of failure. In a state of flow, you’re too involved to be concerned about failing. You just don’t think about failure. You know what has to be done and you just do it.
7. Self-consciousness disappears. People often spend a lot of mental energy monitoring how they appear to others. In a flow state, you’re too involved in the activity to care about protecting your ego. You might even feel connected to something larger than yourself. Paradoxically, the experience of letting go of the self can strengthen it.
8. The sense of time becomes distorted. Time flies when you’re really engaged. On the other hand, time may seem to slow down at the moment of executing some action for which you’ve trained and developed a high degree of skill.
9. The activity becomes “autotelic” (an end in itself, done for it’s own sake). Some activities are done for their own sake, for the enjoyment an experience provides, like most art, music, or sports. Other activities, which are done for some future purpose or goal – like things you have to do as part of your job – may only be a means to an end. But some of these goal-oriented activities can also become ends in themselves, and enjoyed for their own sake. Csikszentmihalyi concludes by saying that “in many ways, the secret to a happy life is to learn to get flow from as many of the things we have to do as possible.”
Think about things you’ve done that had some of these characteristics. Then do more of those kinds of things!
Enrich your life by making a commitment and a concrete plan to put more flow – an optimal experience of engagement – in your work, in your leisure (cut down on the passive stuff!), and ultimately in your life.
Recommended books:
Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly (1990). Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. New York: Harper Perennial.
Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly (1996). Creativity: Flow and the Psychology of Discovery and Invention. New York: Harper Collins.
Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly (1998). Finding Flow: The Psychology of Engagement With Everyday Life. New York: Basic Books. (a how-to book with practical applications)
*No, I’m not claiming chess is a sport. But if it were, that would make me captain of the varsity team and MVP all three years — a jock!
Thanks for this wonderful article about “flow”! Inspiring!
I very much appreciate your comment, Maria. I haven’t advertised or promoted my articles or blog at all, even though I realize they would be a lot more valuable if more people knew about them. So I hope you’ll tell your friends to come and read, and maybe even link to (or Digg/Facebook/StumbleUpon) the page(s) if they can.
Your timing was actually very good. Thank you.
an interesting article will try and put more “flow” into my life
Excellent!
As a game design student, I’d risk to say that you’ve described the “flow”/”in the zone” categorically in this article.
I’ll to repass this article to my final project group. In my POV also, the points you emphasized, are essentials to keep people thrilled in ‘challenges’, be it sports or games.
You’ve got the whole flow idea.. and resumed it in neat way.
Congrats and thx for the inspiration! 😉
The subject is also close to meditation as understood in spiritualism. However, the crucial difference is the absence of religious basis. ‘Yoga’ describes this state as ‘awakening’ of ”kundlini’.
I thank you for your article, which has sharpened my views. I intend to utilise it for my presentation on ‘ Role of Leisure for the Balanced Growth’ to be delivered at Ahmedabad Management Association at Ahmedabad, India.
This “flow” seems somewhat reminiscent both of Aristotle’s concept of Eudaimonia and also Iris Murdoch’s theory of ‘unselfing’. It is particulary interesting though, that for all we glorify the human species for their distinct ability to self-reflect, paradoxically it is this very thing that can instigate such high levels of anxiety.
Thanks for this article, just finished high school and hoping to study to be a clinical psychologist at uni next year 🙂
I spoke with you the other day Dr. Wright and thought I’d check out your site! Very interesting. Thanks for chatting with me re the stoplights, Fallingwater, etc.
Thank you for this article. It really summarizes flow – and I will be sharing this with my clients who may be working hard to get into their flow.
Hi Steve,
You got me inspired with your article about the elements of flow, strategies for being happier at work, and personal strengths. I also did the 5 questions about how to measure your life satisfaction. My score was 28 so I guest I am satisfied with my life.
Dr. Wright, I found your article while searching for references to the “zone state.” Sanjay Barot’s comment above “The subject is also close to meditation as understood in spiritualism…” reminded me of a meditation model given to me in a dream over 22 years ago, though my dream model isn’t Yoga. One step in the dream model (after two basic steps) is a “zone state.” The next and last step reflects spirituality. (I plan to share the model for the first time during a counseling association summit the second week in November.) I will be pleased for more resources you know of that describe and support the zone state for counselors or psychotherapists.
The concept of FLOW for me has been a coping skill. I stumbled across this subject by accident. I read the comment about not taking time to focus…just stumble through life. I can’t imagine just stumbling through, I can, however, imagine that we may not stop to think about what we are thinking about. FLOW is about being in the moment, a willing participant, motivated by inspiration. I don’t see it as self-reflecting but it is about recognizing the paradox, accepting life’s paradoxes and it is like a total submission to life’s mystery…letting go of the ego…beautiful…experiencing life with wonder and awe…amazed at how it all works together…love/hate…day/night. I’ve often heard, “why do you work so hard?” I’m not working, I’m living.